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CSS, short for Cascading Style Sheets, is the primary language used to describe look and formatting for webpages across the Internet and documents of markup. Html5 tutorial for beginners pdf free download. Click on the download button to get it free. Strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely.
Our step-by-step guide teaches you the basics of HTML and how to build your first website. That means how to layout an HTML page, how to add text and images, how to add headings and text formatting, and how to use tables. While many guides on the internet attempt to teach HTML using a lot of mind-boggling theory, this tutorial will instead focus on giving you the practical skills to build your first site. By the end of this tutorial, you will have the know-how to create a basic website and we hope that this will inspire you to delve further into the world of HTML using our follow-on guides.
Okay, so this is the only bit of mandatory theory. In order to begin to write HTML, it helps if you know what you are writing. HTML was officially born in and since then it evolved into its current state, moving from simple text documents to powering rich Web Applications. First, the beginner. Then, the professional. HTML is often considered like a secondary thing to learn. Cascading Style Sheet or CSS is a stylesheet language that dictates how your website elements should look like.
The link elem ent is another of those special em pty elem ents we discussed earlier in this article: it does not have separate start and end tags. Then, try opening each one in your web browser.
All of your paragraphs should now display in bold, blue text. If you change the color specified in your. Go ahead, give it a try. All we need to do is set som e styles. The nature of the way in which CSS is applied m eans that every elem ent contained in the body elem ent will take on the sam e font unless another font is specified for a given elem ent or elem ents within body —but m ore on that a little later. Great: Verdana it is! Failing that, please try using Helvetica and, failing that, Arial.
If none of the above are installed, just use whatever sans-serif font is available. Type the above CSS into style1. Save the file, then open the hom epage index. If everything went to plan, your web page all three of them , actually should display slightly differently than they did before. The figure below shows the appearance of our newly-styled hom epage.
N ote that w hen y ou refer to a sans-serif font in CSS, y ou m ust hy phenate the tw o w ords, i. In your text editor, add the following to style1.
All the first -level headings now display in the Trebuchet MS font, while everything else displays in Verdana. If y ou have saved the altered file, check that y ou ty ped the CSS exactly as described. If y ou did, y ou m ay be experiencing a caching problem w ith y our brow ser. Caching is w hen y our brow ser accesses files previously saved to the hard drive w hen y ou visit a given w eb page, rather than dow nloading new files each tim e. For exam ple, y ou enter the URL, and the brow ser pulls the page stored in its cache.
This speeds up the process of display ing a w eb page that has been loaded before. Unfortunately , y our cache can soon becom e out-of -date, and w hen that happens, the page y ou visit m ight not display the m ost recent data. This happens m ost frequently w ith im ages, but it can also occur using CSS files. Therefore, the am ount of space the cache takes up on y our hard disk before cached content is replaced w ith new er data can be adjusted.
Copy the CSS below into your style1. One is to use recognized color nam es such as navy , blue , red , yellow , and so on. These are easy to rem em ber and spell, but you can be lim ited by the range. Another way of referencing colors is to use a hexadecim al color specification. This obscure-looking reference e2edff translates to a light shade of blue. You could not, as a beginner, begin to guess that this would be a light blue. Thankfully there are num erous tools on the Web that let you choose a color from a chart often called a color picker , then give you the code to m atch.
Colors in HTML are often w ritten as a hexadecim al color specification. You m ight rem em ber the hexadecim al counting sy stem from y our high school m ath class. Or m ay be y ou w ere asleep up the back of the room. N ever m ind. W ell, y ou do now! W ell, as y ou can see, after w e reach 9, instead of going straight to 10 as w e do w hen counting in decim al w e go through A, B, C, D, E, and F before w e finally hit That gives us six extra digits to use w hen w e count.
Sound confusing? W ell, as it so happens, com puters can count in hexadecim al far better than hum ans can! The key here is that all of those num bers that w e know and love in the decim al sy stem , like 2,, 15,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 , and 42, can be represented in hexadecim al. And Table 3. The values represent the proportions of red the ff part , green the first tw o zeros , and blue the second tw o zeros that are m ixed to create the specified color.
Those three prim ary colors can be com bined to display any color on the screen, sim ilar to the w ay a television set uses different am ounts of red, green, and blue to create a single dot on its screen. It m ay not surprise y ou, then, to learn that ff w ill give y ou the color red. The line-height property is an interesting one. Try tweaking this value, save your CSS file, and see how the new value affects the text on your web page.
The padding property is used to provide space between the outside edge of the elem ent in question and the content that sits inside it. We m entioned pixels before, when we specified the size of an im age, but what is a pixel? Basically, one pixel is one of the tiny dots that m ake up what you see on the com puter screen. Font-size keywords range from xx-small to xx-large and offer a quick way to style text.
There are so m any m ore from which you can pick and choose—too m any possibilities, in fact, for us to be able to list them all here. However, this section lists som e of the basic properties and values with which you m ight like to experim ent. Feel free to try any of these in your CSS file. Be sure to provide options that users are likely to have on their com puters e. Arial, Verdana, etc. Relative font sizes are definitely the preferred option.
Before y ou experim ent using the CSS properties above, it m ight be an idea to m ake a backup of y our CSS file, just in case y ou run into difficulties. Rem em ber that y ou can dow nload all the exam ples used in this chapter from the code archive if y ou accidentally m angle y our CSS file. Our site now boasts a CSS file using a selection of attractive styles. As you can see, em phasis elem ents appear in italics by default. Open style1. Does your page look like the figure below?
Now, whenever you add an em elem ent to any web page of your site assum ing that page is linked to style1. Presum ably, the default styles that browsers use were selected carefully; how can you be sure that redefining the styles is a good idea?
They probably are. Perhaps a com prom ise is in order. W hy not? W ell, m arking text as i say s nothing about its m eaning; i only com m unicates how it should be presented on the screen. Such elem ents are referred to as presentational HTML elem ents, and they should be avoided. Likew ise, the b elem ent for bold , another old HTML elem ent, should not be used.
The preferred option is to use strong or, if y ou just w ant to display headings in bold, use CSS. W hy is this im portant? It m ight not seem a big deal as y ou look at the italicized text in y our w eb brow ser. But im agine if y ou w ere blind, and y ou used softw are that read w eb pages aloud to y ou, instead of display ing them on the screen. This program called a screen reader m ight read text m arked up w ith an em elem ent using slight em phasis, and text m arked up w ith strong in a m ore pow erful voice though this, of course, depends on the screen reader being used.
But w hat w ould it do w ith text m arked up w ith i or b? W ell, these elem ents say nothing about the m eaning of the text, so it w ould not treat them in any special w ay —thus potentially losing the m eaning that y ou w ere try ing to convey. A search engine e. One other presentational tag that y ou m ight see others use, but should never copy , is the u elem ent. W rap this around som e text and needless underlining occurs that only serves to confuse users.
A pen or a sheep? Well, the answer is either, depending on the context. After all, you spend m any hours a week rounding up herds of sheep into a big, solid pen. Context can change a situation quite drastically, and we can use context to our advantage in CSS.
We can style an elem ent in a num ber of different ways, depending on its position. Can you spot which one it is? The fact that this particular paragraph is contained within a specific div elem ent—which has an id attribute of tagline —can be useful.
Your page should now look sim ilar to the one shown below. Perhaps a CSS-to-English translation is required. Con t e x t u a l Se le ct or s tagline p is known as a contextual selector. Plus, once you have a lot of styles on the page, it is even m ore difficult to m aintain. You can! Edit your CSS file style1. You should be looking at a page like the one shown in Figure 3. That CSS really does kill several birds with one stone figuratively speaking, of course; I did say no anim als would be harm ed!
Not only do you have the convenience of being able to style m any pages from one central location your CSS file , but you have the added convenience of being able to style m any elem ents in one go. Your CSS file becom es easier to m anage and—a nice little side -benefit— sm aller, and therefore quicker to download. The nam e is deliberate. You m ight w ant to add another sty le to y our w eb site at a later date, and num bering is a basic w ay to keep track of the sty les y ou can apply to a site.
For exam ple, y ou can edit marine. But som ething interesting is happening in our CSS file: it appears that we m ay have a conflict in our rules. Or have we? Re ca ppin g Ou r Pr ogr e ss Tim e for another breather.
What have we learned? That topic is links. St ylin g Lin k s Links are everywhere on the Web: they truly are the basis of everything you see online.
Try adding that to your style1. In CSS, you can change the styling of all these link states using pseudo -classes, which sounds com plicated but really is fairly straightforward. Adding pseudo-classes to your style sheet m eans the browser applies the rule when the elem ent is in the state specified by the pseudo-class.
Try to rem em ber the letters LVHA. Save the CSS file. Open any of the three web pages in your browser or hit Reload to see how the styled links display. Feel free to experim ent in the CSS file with the different foreground and background colors, and other text form atting styles that were detailed in the table earlier in this chapter. This is alm ost certainly the case w ith our three-page project site—the links in y our navigation list are probably all gray.
Click on this and it w ill bring up a Delete Brow sing History dialog w ith m ore options, as show n in Figure 3. CSS Google W3. CSS Text W3. CSS Round W3. CSS Padding W3. CSS Margins W3. CSS Display W3. CSS Buttons W3. CSS Notes W3. CSS Quotes W3. CSS Alerts W3. CSS Tables W3. CSS Lists W3. CSS Images W3. CSS Inputs W3.
CSS Badges W3. CSS Tags W3. CSS Icons W3. CSS Responsive W3.
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